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STATEMENT OF HON. J. F. WILSON, DELEGATE FROM ARIZONA.
Mr. Wilson, of Arizona. I simply want to get the points which my bill brings out before you.
Mr. Barham. How long would it take you to do that?
Mr. Wilson. I suppose about twenty minutes--it may be longer. I will be brief as possible, however. The bill concerning which
I wish to speak is as follows:
[H. R. 3733. Fifty-sixth Congress, first session.]
A BILL to authorize the construction of a reservoir near San Carlos, Arizona, to provide water for irrigating Sacaton Reservation,
and for other purposes.
Whereas the Indians located upon the Sacaton Reservation have, since time immemorial, supported themselves by agriculture
through utilizing for irrigation the waters of Gila River; and
Whereas these Indians have at all times been friends of the whites as against the attacks of the Apaches, and through this
fact the whites have been encouraged to settle near the reservation and utilize the waters of Gila River; and
Whereas the development of irrigation along Gila River consequent upon the settlement of the public lands has diminished the
flow in that stream until the Indians have been deprived of water and are forced to become dependent upon the charity of the
Government for food; and
Whereas this deplorable condition has existed for a number of years and has been called to the attention of the Indian Office
from time to time, and as a result investigations have been made, a preliminary report being published in Senate Document
Numbered Twenty-seven, Fifty-fourth Congress, second session; and also in Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper Numbered Thirty-three
of the United States Geological Survey; and
Whereas the result of these investigations shows that water can be obtained in an economical manner only by means of storage
reservoirs; and
Whereas suitable locations for these have been found at a number of places--notably at The Buttes, Riverside, San Carlos,
and Guthrie, and also on Queen Creek--and an examination of all these, and comparison of costs and benefits, shows that the
San Carlos location is to be preferred; and
Whereas the conclusions of the engineers and experts employed in the investigation are that a masonry dam can be built at
San Carlos, forming a reservoir of two hundred and forty thousand acre-foot capacity, and that the water supply is ample to
fill such a reservoir in years of minimum flow, and that the volume of storage will irrigate at least one hundred thousand
acres in addition to the irrigation of the lands of the Indians; also that it is feasible to increase the height at least
seventy feet, forming a reservoir whose ultimate capacity would be approximately five hundred and fifty thousand acre-feet;
and
Whereas by the construction of such a dam a portion of the lands on the San Carlos Reservation will be flooded: Therefore,
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That the Secretary of the Interior be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed to take the necessary steps to secure title
to the Government for the lands to be flooded or needed for the purpose of reservoir construction and for line of canal from
the reservoir or reservoirs, and that any lands now the property of the United States needed for this purpose, or the value
of which is affected, be segregated and removed from entry and settlement.
Sec. 2. That for the purpose of sounding for bed rock at the foundations of the proposed San Carlos dam, for preparing detailed
plans and estimates, and for beginning the construction of foundations and the completion of said dam or dams, the sum of
one million dollars be appropriated, to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior; and that the said
work shall begin as early as possible, and shall be prosecuted to completion without delay.
Sec. 3. That this act take effect and be in force from and after its passage.
This question has been before the Committee on Irrigation of Arid Lands for nearly two years. Hearings upon top of hearings
have been had by this committee, with a view of obtaining complete knowledge of the facts back of the proposition that the
dam should be built. After exhausting the testimony on the subject and an investigation of all the facts, the committee has
reached the conclusion which is formulated in the report, which I will now read:
REPORT BY THE COMMITTEE ON IRRIGATION OF ARID LANDS ON THE PROPOSED DAM ON GILA RIVER, ARIZONA.
Your committee find that the Indians known as the Pima Indians are located on the Sacaton Indian Reservation, on the Gila
River, in the Territory of Arizona, some 20 miles below Florence, in Pinal County. They and other Indians with them, mainly
dependent upon the products of the soil coming from that reservation, are in number about 8,000. These Indians from time immemorial
have occupied this particular section now known as the Sacaton Reservation, which contains about 50,000 acres of land, 30,000
of which is the most productive soil of the valley, and have supported themselves by agriculture by utilizing for irrigation
the waters of Gila River. They have always been the friends of the American people, and at times, when the savage warrior
made it dangerous for the Americans and pioneers in that country to be there at all, because of their cruel warfare, they
became the defender of the white man against the fierce Apache, and their reservation was a safe retreat for him; and now
their chief boast is that not one of their tribe has ever stained his hands in white man's blood.
As civilization progressed and that country became settled, the lands of the Gila River have been taken up by the white settlers
above this reservation, who bought them from the Government, which lands carried water rights, etc., and they have appropriated
the waters of the river as they flow naturally down the stream, until now these Indians have not sufficient water to irrigate
exceeding from 1,000 to 2,000 acres of their land in the dry seasons. With sufficient water, which they crave so much, to
irrigate the lands which they desire to put into cultivation and to till, these Indians would be able to cultivate and raise
products of the soil sufficient to pay all of the expenses to which the Government has been put on their
account, and to create a sinking fund in the Treasury besides. In other words, it would take them off the expense list entirely,
and that is great.
And if the Government has the right to convey these lands to the white settlers, who take them up and make them homes for
the people, it has the right also as guardian of these Indians to make the lands sufficiently productive to take the Indians
off the expense list of the Government, which now costs about 870,000 a year.
The Government of the United States now has appropriated through Congress $30,000 for their maintenance, simply to feed them,
while the other expenses which the Government must bear on their account amounts to about $39,000 a year, making the expense
about $70,000 every year that the Government must bear on account of these Indians, all of which would be avoided if this
dam should be erected and the reservoir constructed as provided in the bill.
That it is practical and would be profitable to the Government to build this dam seems to have been established by the Government's
experts who have investigated the facts concerning it. The preliminary report published in Senate Doc. No. 27, Fifty-fourth
Congress, second session, and also in Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 33, lately published by the Geological Survey,
show plainly and conclusively that it is practical and that it would be profitable to build this dam, and that it should be
built and this reservoir constructed.
Your committee also find it to be an established fact that the dam when built to the height of 150 feet, which it may be,
will hold when full 247,000 acre-feet, or water enough to cover that number of acres a foot deep. If raised 70 feet higher,
which it may be, it would contain 550,000 acre-feet.
This outlay will cost a little less than $1,000,000, or not exceed that amount, the amount carried in this bill. When completed
there will be water enough saved for distribution, on an economic basis, in the dry season when water is needed, that could
not be obtained from the stream, to irrigate the 30,000 acres of easy irrigable lands of the Indians to the effect heretofore
stated, and have a surplus of water sufficient to irrigate at least 140,000 acres besides.
This surplus would be at hand were the dam raised but 150 feet; and when raised 70 feet higher that surplus would be nearly
enough to irrigate a half million acres. There would be sufficient water in this surplus, at a fair price, far below what
white settlers now pay for water rights, to place all of their lands already purchased in a high state of cultivation, and
to reach and reclaim much of the now Government land undisposed of, which might be disposed of to the white settlers at a
reasonable price per acre with the water rights attached. These, all taken together, would reimburse the Government for its
outlay in less than ten years. This being done would take the Indians off of the expense list of the Government--they would
be made self-sustaining. Hundreds of thousands of acres of now idle land would be reclaimed and hundreds of homes made for
the white settlers, and great wealth thereby added to the already existing wealth of the country.
On the general topic I maintain the Government should reclaim its arid lands, and on this I say that money expended for the
reclamation of arid lands will result in a still greater growth and a still greater development, greater production of wealth
than any other single enterprise in which the Government may embark. I have the data here, the figures showing what has heretofore
been expended on other enterprises less important than this one.
Therefore, by your consent, and having your undivided attention, appearing for that brave people in my portion of the West
who braved the dangers of the West, then inhabited by savage tribes, living under the burning sun, where the bird was without
song, and who put their hands on the savage mane and led him from bloody plains of savage warfare to safe fields of industry
and homes of civilized quiet peace, I proceed to the detailed statement of facts and give them as reasons why the Government
should undertake to reclaim these arid lands. I submit also that these facts, grouped as argument, are more cogent and strong
than any facts and arguments that were eyer offered at the beginning of the governmental action in building internal canals
for internal commerce.
I apprehend that anyone who has not given particular attention to this question has no idea of the amount of land to be disposed
of by the General Government. The Land Department, up to a few years ago, had not the slightest conception of it itself. Only
about twenty-five years ago we heard from the Secretary of the Interior that there were perhaps 10,000,000 acres of public
lands for sale; and yet since that time there have been over 150,000,000 acres sold, more than twice the area of the Republic
of France; and since the investigation has been carried to its limit it has been found that there are more than 567,000,000
acres of Government lands subject to its disposition to-day.
Of that 567,000,000 acres of public lands subject to the disposition of the Government there are 541,265,248 acres of it in
the arid West, in the 15 States and Territories in the Union known as the arid region. An equal distribution of these lands
among the several States, situated as they are, side by side, makes it a matter of inquiry as to whether or not it is not
policy for the nation to take charge of them and place them in condition for sale to possible home seekers of the Union, in
which over 76,000,000 of our people live and to whom the lands belong.
I believe in equal distribution; and perhaps it is difficult to understand how the public land can be distributed in order
that we may advance the theory that the distribution and reclamation of so vast a territory should be a national affair.
The reclamation of the arid lands should be by the Government, because of the immensity of the amount to be reclaimed, and
of its even distribution over the arid States and Territories, and because it must be reclaimed almost entirely by means of
irrigation, if reclaimed at all--all in view of the fact that it is now the property of the General Government. Public opinion
can hardly realize that there is now, or was at the end of the fiscal year 1899, a little more than 567,000,000 acres of public
land undisposed of by the Government; yet it is true, and 541,265,248 acres of this amount is situated in the arid States
and Territories, and is distributed as follows:
|
Acres. |
Arizona |
54,608,581 |
California |
50,132,241 |
Colorado |
41,988,377 |
Idaho |
34,225,149 |
Kansas |
734,080 |
Montana |
74,558,143 |
Nebraska |
10,799,332 |
Nevada |
42,385,735 |
New Mexico |
54,720,863 |
Oregon |
38,435,878 |
North Dakota |
19,500,555 |
South Dakota |
13,006,396 |
Utah |
35,231,466 |
Washington |
19,098,420 |
Wyoming |
52,055,248 |
This list shows something of an even distribution of these lands over the arid States and Territories, and in view of this
fact it becomes important to know something of how much of it is subject to reclamation, and how. As to this, the most authentic
means at our command is the report of the special Senate committee of the United States Senate on the reclamation of arid
lands and irrigation, made to the Senate in 1890. In that they reported that there was from 100,000,000 to 150,000,000 acres
of this land that could be made productive, and that only by means of irrigation--more than five times the quantity of reclaimed
land in British India, from which 110,000,000 people are maintained. Some maintain that these lands should be ceded to the
States and Territories. All history shows that this would be a failure. Especially is it so here.
By the acts of Congress, March 2, 1849, to the act of March 12, 1860, nearly 60,000,000 acres of land of the General Government,
lying in
15 States of the Union, known as swamp lands, were ceded to the various States in which they lay. They are as follows:
|
Acres. |
Alabama |
414,310 |
Arkansas |
7,668,987 |
California |
1,773,857 |
Florida |
16,631,302 |
Illinois |
1,493,718 |
Indiana |
1,265,107 |
Iowa |
933,949 |
Louisiana |
8,968,880 |
Michigan |
5,729,843 |
Minnesota |
3,109,142 |
Mississippi |
3,325,487 |
Missouri |
4,495,816 |
Ohio |
25,660 |
Oregon |
315,164 |
Wisconsin |
3,349,132 |
These are the beneficiary States of the swamp-land grants; and they are all, with a single exception, better able, so far
as monetary expenditure may be concerned, to reclaim these lands granted to them by means of the levee system (and which is
but the counterpart of the reservoir and canal system necessary to reclaim the arid lands, and far less expensive) than any
of the arid States and Territories are to reclaim the arid lands in their boundaries. This will not be denied by those who
oppose this theory I apprehend, because through the whole space of nearly fifty years not a single one of these States has
ever made a single record of success by the reclamation of any of these lands that had to be reclaimed. They mostly went into
the hands of alien speculators and land sharks for naught. On the other hand, the history of other countries that have taken
the matter of reclaiming their arid lands in hand as a national enterprise for their people have made a prime success of it
in every instance.
From time immemorial Egypt has maintained her entire population on lands that Egypt reclaimed as a national enterprise, and
by it, in ages past, gained the name and title ‘‘The granary of the world.’’
This is no failure, and is an argument in our favor. Not only so, but in British India, where famine and starvation in former
days prevailed because of the shortage in the production of the soil, since the reclamation of about 26,000,000 of acres of
land by the Government as a national project famine has been prevented, death from starvation has ceased, and 110,000,000
of its people are maintained from the production of the reclaimed land by the hand of the Government. This is the success
recorded in history for that enterprise.
The Governments of France, Spain, Algeria, Australia, Argentina, and Peru all bear the same testimony without a break on the
same point. Therefore we see that in every instance when the work was taken in hand as a national enterprise it was a success,
while on the other hand, when turned into the charge of the State, in every single instance it has proved a failure, and hence
we fear the dangerous course wherein this all-important matter of reclaiming the public domain has so often heretofore fallen
and foundered, and cling to that which has so often carried its followers into the haven of success.
Another reason is that, in the event of the States and Territories being financially able to reclaim the lands, insuperable
physical barriers would be so prominently in the way that it could not be made practically effectual there.
This would be due to the fact that all of the streams of any great magnitude in the West, and upon which the greatest irrigation
schemes would necessarily depend for the reclamation of the greatest bodies of these arid lands, have their source in Wyoming,
Colorado, and New Mexico. If these States should have the sovereign control of these lands in their boundaries they would
necessarily have the water as well, and would, as a matter of sovereign right, have the control of it, and
would therefore be able to defy the law of prior appropriations as applied between individuals, and by diverting the head
waters of those streams would have those States and Territories lying below them at their mercy. At least it would be so in
a measure. To state these physical advantages in favor of those three sovereign communities is to argue the case on this point,
in so far as I now have the time to advert to it on that point.
Again, to ask this reclamation to be made by the General Government for the people of the West would be asking only fair and
impartial treatment as between them and the people of the South and East and North. It would be asking no more for the benefit
of agriculture in the West than the Government has done for the benefit of inland commerce in those sections just named.
For the benefit of inland commerce in those sections the Government has appropriated from time to time as original expenditure,
to say nothing of the cost of keeping up the various canals, etc., in which it had an interest, no less than $230,850,567.60,
and, as before stated, none will deny that this was wisely expended.
These expenditures have been somewhat of a local nature too, rather than national, or for the national benefit. They were
as follows--that is, there has been expended for inland commerce in the boundaries of the following States the following:
Alabama |
$2,764,191.19 |
Arkansas |
784,910.28 |
California |
4,181,251.78 |
Connecticut |
2,696,545.19 |
Delaware |
3,223,118.44 |
District of Columbia |
240,000.00 |
Florida |
2,511,509.05 |
Georgia |
3,382,538.91 |
Idaho |
15,000.00 |
Illinois |
4,948,784.11 |
Indiana |
1,869,753.03 |
Iowa |
319,563.37 |
Kansas |
7,561.73 |
Kentucky |
1,705,531.99 |
Louisiana |
9,609,451.85 |
Maine |
2,483,686.66 |
Maryland |
3,790,876.83 |
Massachusetts |
4,943,767.10 |
Michigan |
3,805,167.81 |
Minnesota |
1,771,810.46 |
Mississippi |
82,323,856.10 |
New Hampshire |
434,930.36 |
New Jersey |
2,068,087.26 |
New York |
17,495,321.60 |
North Carolina |
4,046,935.07 |
Ohio |
5,741,812.37 |
Oregon |
5,264,863.66 |
Pennsylvania |
2,451,292.25 |
Rhode Island |
1,538,214.00 |
South Carolina |
2,912,679.90 |
Tennessee |
670,089.85 |
Texas |
6,652,697.16 |
Vermont |
767,946.84 |
Virginia |
3,837,643.23 |
Washington |
534,232.28 |
Wisconsin |
7,705,301.32 |
Miscellaneous expenditure |
188,405,189.96 |
Total |
230,850,567.60 |
Not only so, but in at least twenty States in the Union the Government has exercised the functions of a canal builder, not
unwisely either, as before stated, and not in a single instance has it been done in any part of the vast arid West; and it
has also all been done in the direct interest of commerce and not of agriculture. As evidence of this we submit the following
statistics bearing on this subject:
In the last fifty-three years Congress has expended in cleaning and improving harbors, building dams, canals, and the like
work generally $392,606,596.28.
In 1896 alone for the same purpose $71,158,956.88 was expended.
This was all for the benefit of commerce in the East.
For canals and dams alone, for the benefit of commerce mainly, if not alone, the Government has made the following appropriations
in the following-named States:
Alabama.--Grant of 5 per cent net proceeds of public lands after 1819; sale of same for canal on Tennessee River, $10,000.
Florida.--For the Peninsula Canal, $50,000.
Illinois.--Lake Michigan and Mississippi River Canal, $200,000; Hennepin Canal, $50,000.
Indiana.--Wabash River Dam and Canal, $65,000; Lake Erie and Wabash River Canal, $15,000; Ohio v. land grant of 2 ½ sections on each
side of all canals.
Iowa.--Canal from Red River to Mississippi, $1,500; Des Moines Rapids Canal, $733,750; Sault Ste. Marie Canal, $65,000.
Kentucky.--Louisville and Portland Canal, purchase of 1,000 shares of stock of the private corporation organized to build it. Value,
$100,000. Subsequent purchase and maintenance of the same, $825,000.
Ohio.--Ohio River Falls Canal, $90,000; Cumberland River Canal, $10,000; Rough River Canal, $25,000; Zanesville and Taylorville
Canal, $102,000.
Louisiana.--New Orleans Outlet Canal and Clarenton Canal, $150,000.
Mississippi.--Carondelet Canal, $25,000; canal from Mississippi to Gulf of Mexico, $75,000; also 6 per cent net proceeds of all public-land
sales for canal purposes.
Michigan.--Grant of 300,000 acres of land to build canal between Lake Superior and Lac La Belle; St. Clair Canal, $1,096,250; Secretary
of War authorized to draw for annual expenses for maintaining the canal; St. Mary's Canal, $850,000; Secretary of War authorized
to draw for annual expenses in maintaining the canal.
New Jersey.--Ship canal across Bergen Neck, $150,000.
Oregon.--Cascade Canal, $1,728,000.
Pennsylvania.--Surveys for ship canal from Allegheny to the sea, $200,000; purchase of Monongahela Canal and improvements of the same,
$358,733.
South Carolina.--Purchase of 800 shares of Dismal Swamp Canal Company's stock: Santee Canal, $39,000.
Tennessee.--Tennessee River Canal, $250,000.
Texas.--Galveston and Brazos River Canal, $25,000.
Virginia.--Purchase of 750 shares of Chesapeake Canal Stock Company's stock; purchase of 10,000 shares of Chesapeake and Ohio Company's
stock; Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, $20,000; survey canal Chesapeake Bay to Charleston, $10,000.
Washington.--Survey canal Lake Union to Puget Sound, $10,000.
Survey canal Bakers Bay and Shoalwater Bay, $10,500.
Wisconsin.--Fox River and Wisconsin River Canal, 1 ½ sections of land on each side of Fox River, $25,000; Milwaukee and Rock River
Canal, 5 per cent of net proceeds of public land sales, $146,000; Wisconsin River Canal, $10,000; Green Bay and Lake Michigan
Canal, grant of 200,000 acres. Purchase of portage of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior Canal, $350,000; improving same, $20,000.
To this much we refer to show what the Government has done for the benefit of inland commerce in the sections of country before
named, and that the Government has wisely done it as a national work we are here to assert. But while we do, we further assert
that, as a work of the General Gevernment, between the construction of a reservoir for the encouragement of inland commerce
and the construction of one for agriculture, there is practically no difference; and if there is, then the argument is in
favor of the latter.
To ask for this reclamation of the arid lands of the West by the General Government for the benefit of agriculture in this
great Western country is only to ask that fair play and even-handed justice be done between the different sections of this
great country. It is but an appeal to the magnanimity of the General Government.
From May, 1875, to June 30, 1896, the Government received from the sale of public lands, chiefly from the West, $336,532,129.20,
which was expended in Eastern improvements. Scarcely a dollar was ever returned for any Eastern improvement or benefit.
This great Government can not afford to stain its name with partiality so great as to refuse to add its aid to that vast section
in the West for the benefit of agriculture when it has done so much for commercial classes and commercial sections in other
parts of the country. Indeed, my people do not expect it. They believe that this great country, whose bosom but a short time
ago was trodden by the hoof of war, that passed from under it and through the greatest war ever known to civilization, and
did it successfully, and did it without
the confiscation of a single estate or the execution of a single political offender, can never be so unfair.
Mr. Barham. Mr. Chairman, Mr. Mondell would like to have a few moments to continue his remarks.
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